Internal consistency of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Amazonian children / Consistência interna do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades em crianças amazônicas

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of behavioral problems and the internal consistency of the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) in Amazonian preschool children during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon, were used. The SDQ-P was applied in 2021 at the five-year follow-up visit to parents or caregivers of 695 children (49.4% of which were girls). This instrument is a short behavioral screening questionnaire composed of 25 items reorganized into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. Cases of behavioral problems were defined according to the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms. Moreover, cut off points were estimated based on the SDQ-P percentile results of our study sample. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald's omega for each scale. RESULTS: According to the cut-offs based on our studied population distribution, 10% of all children had high or very high total difficulty scores, whereas it was almost twice when the original SDQ cut-offs based on United Kingdom norms, were applied (18%). Differences were also observed in the other scales. Compared to girls, boys showed higher means of externalizing problem and lower means of prosocial behavior. The five-factor model showed a moderate internal consistency of the items for all scales (0.60 ≤ α ≤ 0.40), except for total difficulty scores, which it considered substantial (α > 0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the usefulness of SDQ in our study population and reinforce the need for strategies and policy development for mental health care in early life in the Amazon.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever a frequência de problemas de comportamento e a consistência interna da versão para os pais do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ-P) em crianças pré-escolares da Amazônia durante a pandemia de covid-19. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados do estudo de saúde e nutrição Materno-Infantil no Acre (MINA-Brasil), uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. O SDQ-P foi aplicado aos pais e cuidadores em 2021 na visita de acompanhamento de cinco anos de 695 crianças (49,4% das quais eram meninas). Esse instrumento é um breve questionário de rastreamento comportamental composto por 25 itens reorganizados em cinco subescalas: sintomas emocionais, problemas de conduta, hiperatividade/desatenção, problemas de relacionamento com colegas e comportamento pró-social. Os casos de problemas de comportamento foram definidos de acordo com os pontos de corte originais do SDQ, baseados nas normas do Reino Unido. Além disso, os pontos de corte foram estimados com base nos percentis dos resultados do SDQ-P da amostra do nosso estudo. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald para cada escala. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os pontos de corte baseados na distribuição da população estudada, 10% de todas as crianças apresentaram escores totais de dificuldade elevados ou muito elevados, o que quase dobrou quando os pontos de corte originais do SDQ, baseados nas normas do Reino Unido, foram utilizados (18%). Este estudo também encontrou diferenças nas demais escalas. Comparados às meninas, os meninos apresentaram maiores médias de problemas de externalização e menores médias de comportamento pró-social. O modelo de cinco fatores apresentou consistência interna dos itens moderada para todas as escalas (0,60 ≤ α ≤ 0,40), exceto para a escala de pontuação total de dificuldades, a qual foi considerada substancial (α > 0,61). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados apoiam a utilidade do SDQ em nossa população de estudo e reforçam a necessidade de estratégias e desenvolvimento de políticas para o cuidado em saúde mental no início da vida na Amazônia.

Item analysis of the Teacher's Gifted Rating Screening Scale / Análise dos itens da Triagem de Indicadores de Altas Habilidades / Superdotação

Objective: The present study aimed to add new evidence of construct validity of the Teacher's Rating Giftedness Screening Scale. The analysis of its items, in relation to the adjustment indices to the Graduated Response Model, as well as to interpret the sense of the scales formed by the items. Method: The sample was composed of 666 students (64.7% males). The instrument consisted of 42 items that assess five areas (general intellectual abilities, leadership, creativity, specific academic abilities, and artistic talent), being answered by 224 teachers. Results: The results indicated that all items had infit/outfit adjustment indexes within the expected value, between 0.5 and 1.5. The factor accuracy, estimated by the graduated response model, varied between 0.74 to 0.85. Conclusion: The results allowed the elaboration of an interpretation proposal referenced in the item, as well as the identification of the most effective items in discriminating individuals with above average ability level.

Objetivo: O presente estudo visou ampliar as evidências de validade de construto do instrumento Triagem de Indicadores de Altas Habilidades/Superdotação, por meio da análise dos seus itens, em relação aos índices de ajuste ao Modelo de Resposta Graduada, bem como interpretar o sentido das escalas formadas pelos itens. Método: A amostra foi composta por 666 estudantes (64,7% meninos). O instrumento, composto por 42 itens que avaliam cinco dimensões (capacidade intelectual geral, liderança, criatividade, habilidades acadêmicas especificas e talento artístico), foi respondido por 224 professores. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que todos os itens apresentaram índices de ajuste infit/outfit dentro do valor esperado, entre 0,5 e 1,5. A precisão dos fatores, estimada pelo modelo de resposta graduada, variou entre 0,74 e 0,85. Conclusão: Os resultados permitiram a elaboração de uma proposta de interpretação referenciada no item, bem como a identificação dos itens que se mostram mais eficazes em discriminar indivíduos com habilidade acima da média.

Neurological deficit and neurobehavioral evaluation of non-human primate ischemic stroke model / 国际脑血管病杂志

Because the clinical studies of neuroprotective drugs ended in failure, the Stroke Treatment Academy Industry Roundtable recommended the use of non-human primates for preclinical research on stroke. Non-human primates are the bridge between basic experiment and clinical research, and the experimental results are of great reference value. However, non-human primate stroke models have a variety of neurological deficits and behavioral evaluation methods, and the scoring methods also have their own emphases. It is easy to have differences in the evaluation, or there are deficiencies in the scale itself, resulting in inaccurate scoring, which directly affects the experimental results and the implementation of subsequent research. This article summarizes the neurological deficits and behavioral evaluation methods of non-human primate stroke model.

Lilalva Scale: soft-hard technology to measure clinical competencies in emergencies of nurses / Escala Lilalva: tecnología blanda-dura para medir competencias clínicas en urgencias de enfermeras y enfermeros / Escala Lilalva: tecnologia leve-dura para medir competências clínicas em emergências de enfermeiras e enfermeiros

ABSTRACT Objectives: to present the visual identity of a soft-hard technology; to describe its technical characteristics, standardization and norms of criteria for the interpretation of results, in order to measure clinical competencies in emergencies of nurses. Methods: article developed as a methodological study for the creation of the graphic image of the scale and standardization based on previous studies of validity and reliability evidence. Results: the designed technology was named "Lilalva Scale for Measuring Clinical Competencies in Emergencies of Nurses". The graphic image text is organized by title, instructions on how to fill it out, description of the quality of delivery, and behavioral actions with respective degrees of response. The Scale has 22 items with characterization data. The standardization of the measurement instrument included: instructions for use, calculation protocol, and hypothetical example to calculate scores, the sum of the resulting scores metric for each clinical competence and diagnostic classification. Conclusions: the visual identity and the standardization instrumentalize the use of the Scale for those interested in the theme.

RESUMEN Objetivos: presentar la identidad visual de una tecnología blanda-dura; describir sus características técnicas, estandarización en la aplicación y normalización de criterios para la interpretación de los resultados, a fin de mensurar competencias clínicas en urgencias de enfermeras y enfermeros. Métodos: artículo desarrollado como estudio metodológico de creación de la imagen gráfica de la escala y estandarización calcada en estudios anteriores de evidencias de validad y confiabilidad. Resultados: la tecnología diseñada fue denominada de "Escala Lilalva de Medida de las Competencias Clínicas en Urgencias de Enfermeras y Enfermeros". El texto de la imagen gráfica está organizado por título, instrucciones sobre la forma de relleno, descripción de la calidad de la entrega y acciones comportamentales con respectivos grados de respuesta. La Escala tiene 22 ítems con datos de caracterización. La estandarización del instrumento de medida contempló: instrucciones para uso, protocolo de averiguación, ejemplo hipotético para calcular escores, métrica de la sumatoria de los escores resultantes para cada competencia clínica y clasificación diagnóstica. Conclusiones: la identidad visual y la estandarización instrumentalizan el uso da Escala a los interesados en la temática.

RESUMO Objetivos: apresentar a identidade visual de uma tecnologia leve-dura; descrever suas características técnicas, padronização na aplicação e normatização de critérios para a interpretação dos resultados, a fim de mensurar competências clínicas em emergências de enfermeiras e enfermeiros. Métodos: artigo desenvolvido como estudo metodológico de criação da imagem gráfica da escala e estandardização calcada em estudos pregressos de evidências de validade e confiabilidade. Resultados: a tecnologia desenhada foi denominada de "Escala Lilalva de Medida das Competências Clínicas em Emergências de Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros". O texto da imagem gráfica está organizado por título, instruções sobre a forma de preenchimento, descrição da qualidade da entrega e ações comportamentais com respectivos graus de resposta. A Escala possui 22 itens com dados de caracterização. A estandardização do instrumento de medida contemplou: instruções para uso, protocolo de apuração, exemplo hipotético para calcular escores, métrica da somatória dos escores resultantes para cada competência clínica e classificação diagnóstica. Conclusões: a identidade visual e a estandardização instrumentalizam o uso da Escala aos interessados na temática.

Construct validity of the Individual Lifestyle Profile scale in times of social distancing / Validade de constructo da escala Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual em tempos de distanciamento social

The aims of the study were to estimate the level of reliability and factorial validity of the "Individual Lifestyle Profile" scale in times of social distancing, through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Therefore, the "Individual Lifestyle Profile" scale in times of social distancing was used in a study carried out with samples of students and employees of higher education institutions from different Brazilian regions. The final sample consisted of 4,694 adults who have answered the online form. For construct evaluation, internal consistency analysis was performed using Cronbach's Alpha (a) and Spearman's correlation. The CFA was used to test the hypothetical factor structure of the scale. Overall internal consistency was a = 0.778 and there were significant correlations, however, less than ± 0.799 for items from the same constructs and ± 0.499 among items from different constructs. In the CFA, after adjustments to the model structure, all indicators were adequate (Goodness-of-fit Index: 0.976; Comparative Fit Index: 0.937; Normalized Fit Indices: 0.932; Tucker-Lewis Indi-ces: 0.914; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0.047; Root Mean-Square Residual: 0.031; Standardized Root Mean-Square Residual: 0.0337), with the exception for chi-square p values and the ratio between chi-square and degrees of freedom. It is concluded that the "Individual Lifestyle Profile" scale in times of social distancing has shown satisfactory internal consistency and factor structure to guide the assessment of lifestyle (individual or groups) and interventions to promote healthy lifestyles

Os objetivos do estudo foram estimar o nível de confiabilidade e validade fatorial da escala "Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual " em tempos de distanciamento social, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). Para tanto, a escala "Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual " em tempos de distanciamento social foi empregada em um estudo realizado com amostras de estudantes e servidores de instituições de ensino superior de diferen-tes regiões brasileiras. A amostra final correspondeu a 4.694 adultos que responderam o formulário on-line. Para a avaliação de constructo foi realizada a análise de consistência interna via Alfa de Cronbach's (a) e correlação de Spearman. Empregou-se a AFC para testar a estrutura fatorial hipotética da escala. A con-sistência interna geral foi de a de 0,778 e houve correlações significativas, porém, inferiores a ± 0,799 para os itens dos mesmos constructos e ± 0,499 entre os itens de constructos diferentes. Na AFC, após ajustes na estrutura do modelo, ocorreu a adequação para todos os indicadores (Goodness-of-fit Index: 0,976; Compa-rative Fit Index: 0,937; Normalized Fit Indices: 0,932; Tucker-Lewis Indices: 0,914; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: 0,047; Root Mean-Square Residual: 0,031; Standardized Root Mean-Square Residual: 0,0337), com a exceção para os valores de p do Qui-quadrado e razão entre Qui-quadrado e graus de liberdade. Conclui-se que a escala "Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual " em tempos de distanciamento social, mostrou consistência interna e estrutura fatorial satisfatórias para orientar a avaliação do estilo de vida (individual ou de grupos) e as intervenções para promover estilos de vida saudáveis

Escalas de aculturación para minorias étnicas: una revisión de literatura / Scales of acculturation for ethnic minorities: a literature review

La aculturación proceso multidimensional que afecta a grupos étnicos que se enfrentan a una cultura distinta a la originaria, ha sido estudiada en su relación con la salud, encontrándose inconsistencia en diversos estudios, pudiendo deberse a los distintos instrumentos utilizados para medir este proceso. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es analizar las características y propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos que miden la aculturaciónen minorías étnicas en ciertos procesos de salud. Revisión bibliográfica narrativa, cuyo propósito fue revisar investigaciones relacionadas a la medición de aculturación asociada a la salud en grupos étnicos, en las bases de datos de CINAHAL y PubMed, seleccionándolos de acuerdo al cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión y exclusión en los últimos 10 años. Son 13 los instrumentos de aculturación encontrados en la revisión, respecto a las características de los instrumentos de aculturación el 77% de ellos tiene un enfoque bidimensional, la medición del lenguaje y/o idioma es el dominio más utilizado,el 38% de estos instrumentospresentan un nivel de fiabilidad sobre lo aceptable (0,7). Las dimensiones consideradas en los instrumentos de aculturación son distintas entre un instrumento y otro, o no consideran todas las dimensiones involucradas en el proceso de aculturación. La fiabilidad y validez no es conocida en todos los instrumentos de aculturación utilizados pudiendo afectar la correcta comprensión e interpretación de los resultados obtenidos en estudio realizados en grupo étnicos.

The multidimensional acculturation process that affects ethnic groups that face a culture different from their original has been studied in their relationship with health, finding inconsistency in various studies. These inconsistencies may be due to the different instruments used to measure this process. The objective of this literature review is to analyze the characteristics and psychometric properties of the instruments that measure acculturation in ethnic minorities in particular health processes. Narrative bibliographic review, whose purpose was to review research related to the measurement of acculturation associated with health in ethnic groups, in the CINAHAL and PubMed databases, selecting them according to compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria in the last 10 years. There are 13 acculturation instruments found in the review, regarding the characteristics of acculturation instruments 77% of them have a two-dimensional approach, the measurement of language or dialect is the most used domain, 38% of these instruments have a level of reliability over the acceptable (0.7). Acculturation instruments do not consider all the dimensions involved in the acculturation process, being also different between one instrument and another. Reliability and validity are not known in all acculturation instruments used and may affect the correct understanding and interpretation of the results obtained in ethnic group studies

Are Behavior Rating Scales Able to Identify Behavioral Changes in Preschool Children Undergoing a Dental Intervention? A Systematic Review

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the scientific evidence concerning the behavior rating scales efficiency to identify behavioral changes in preschool children undergoing dental treatment, through a systematic review. Material and Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, BVS databases and grey literature were searched. Also, a hand search of the included studies reference lists was conducted. Studies that evaluated healthy preschoolers' behavior before and after invasive dental treatments to observe behavioral changes were included. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data and analyzed the risk of bias with a tool for before-and-after studies. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated with the GRADE approach. Results: Three studies were included. The Frankl Scale and North Carolina Behavior Scale were used in these studies. Both scales were able to identify behavioral changes in preschool children undergoing a dental intervention, although two of these included studies were considered fair with a high risk of bias, and one considered good with a low risk of bias. Conclusion: Although Frankl and North Carolina behavior scales were able to identify changes in the children`s behavior during dental treatment, these findings are not supported by strong evidence. Thus, further well-designed studies are needed to confirm this evidence.

Criteria for assessing peripheral nerve injury. Behavioral and functional assessment in non-operated Wistar rats

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the normality pattern in functional tests of peripheral nerves. Methods Sixty female and sixty male Wistar rats were submitted to vibrissae movement and nictitating reflex for facial nerve; grooming test and grasping test for brachial plexus; and walking tracking test and horizontal ladder test for lumbar plexus. The tests were performed separately, with an interval of seven days between each. Results All animals showed the best score in vibrissae movement, nictitating reflex, grooming test, and horizontal ladder test. The best score was acquired for the first time in more than 90% of animals. The mean of strength on the grasping test was 133.46±12.08g for the right and 121.74±8.73g for the left anterior paw. There was a difference between the right and left sides. There was no difference between the groups according to sex. There is no statistical difference comparing all functional indexes between sex, independent of the side analyzed. The peroneal functional index showed higher levels than the sciatic and tibial functional index on both sides and sex. Conclusions The behavioral and functional assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration are low-cost, easy to perform, and reliable tests. However, they need to be performed by experienced researchers to avoid misinterpretation.

Development of Preconception Health Behavior Scale / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to develop a valid and reliable scale for the evaluation of preconception health behavior in women preparing for pregnancy. METHODS: The initial strategy included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The preliminary items were evaluated twice for content validity by experts, and modified two preliminary investigations. Participants in the 2 main investigations and the confirmation investigation were tested for reliability and validity of the preliminary scale in women preparing for pregnancy. The data were analyzed for different items exploratory and confirmatory factors. RESULTS: The 5-point Likert scale consisted of 6 factors and 27 items. The 6-factors included ‘hazardous substance factor,’ ‘medical management factor,’ ‘rest and sleep factor,’ ‘stress management factor,’ ‘information acquisition factor,’ and ‘resource preparation factor.’ Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate and based on the following measures: Q=1.98, comparative fit index=.91, Tucker-lewis index=.89, standardized root mean square residual=.07, and root mean square error of approximation=.07. The criterion validity was .64. The reliability coefficient was .92 and the test-retest reliability was .61. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicate that the scale can be used for the development of nursing interventions to promote preconception health behavior in women preparing for pregnancy.

Influence of clozapine on neurodevelopmental protein expression and behavioral patterns in animal model of psychiatric disorder induced by low-level of lead

Exposure to lead during pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in the offspring. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to low levels of lead acetate (0.2%) in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation causes behavioral impairment and affects the expression of proteins associated with neurodevelopment. Lead exposure altered several parameters in rat offspring compared with those unexposed in open-field, social interaction, and pre-pulse inhibition tests. These parameters were restored to normal levels after clozapine treatment. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampus revealed that several neurodevelopmental proteins were downregulated in lead-exposed rats. The expression was normalized after clozapine treatment (5 mg/kg/day, postnatal day 35–56). These findings demonstrate that downregulation of several proteins in lead-exposed rats affected subsequent behavioral changes. Our results suggest that lead exposure in early life may induce psychiatric disorders and treatment with antipsychotics such as clozapine may reduce their incidence.

The system of quality of life instruments for cancer patients (QLICP) V1.0 and comparisons with relevant European QLQ and American FACT / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective@#To compare the differences and similarities among the system of quality of life instruments for cancer patients (QLICP) V1.0, the quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) from European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) from Center on Outcomes, Research and Education (CORE) of America.@*Methods@#Based on literatures and our measuring data from patients at hospitals, the constructs, characteristics and psychometrics of the systems above were analyzed and compared. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach α coefficient for each domain, and test-retest reliability through calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient r between the first and second assessments as well as intra-class correlation (ICC). Construct validity was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient r (item-domains correlations) and factor analysis. The criterion-related validity was evaluated by correlating corresponding domains of two instruments. Responsiveness was assessed through comparing the mean difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment with standardized response mean (SRM).@*Results@#The instruments of three systems were of different outstanding characteristics with all psychometrics meeting requirements. Measurements for 12 types of cancers showed that the internal consistency reliability Cronbach α coefficient for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.67-0.92, and for FACT was 0.79-0.98. The test-retest reliability (r or ICC) for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.61-0.99, and for FACT was 0.60-0.98. The SRM for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.25-1.28, and for FACT was 0.11-0.83. However, the QLICP was of better construct (clear hierarchical structure with items→facets→domains→overall) and Chinese culture.@*Conclusion@#The instruments of three systems can be used as the instruments to assess quality of life for patients with cancer with selections basing on different settings.

The system of quality of life instruments for cancer patients (QLICP) V1.0 and comparisons with relevant European QLQ and American FACT / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To compare the differences and similarities among the system of quality of life instruments for cancer patients (QLICP) V1.0,the quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) from European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) from Center on Outcomes,Research and Education (CORE) of America.Methods Based on literatures and our measuring data from patients at hospitals,the constructs,characteristics and psychometrics of the systems above were analyzed and compared.Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach α coefficient for each domain,and test-retest reliability through calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient r between the first and second assessments as well as intra-class correlation (ICC).Construct validity was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient r (item-domains correlations) and factor analysis.The criterion-related validity was evaluated by correlating corresponding domains of two instruments.Responsiveness was assessed through comparing the mean difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment with standardized response mean (SRM).Results The instruments of three systems were of different outstanding characteristics with all psychometrics meeting requirements.Measurements for 12 types of cancers showed that the internal consistency reliability Cronbach α coefficient for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.67-0.92,and for FACT was 0.79-0.98.The test-retest reliability (r or ICC) for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.61-0.99,and for FACT was 0.60-0.98.The SRM for the overall scale of QLICP (V1.0) was 0.25-1.28,and for FACT was 0.11-0.83.However,the QLICP was of better construct (clear hierarchical structure with items→facets→domains→overall) and Chinese culture.Conclusion The instruments of three systems can be used as the instruments to assess quality of life for patients with cancer with selections basing on different settings.

Evidence of validity of the Competence Scale of Actions of Nurses in Emergencies / Evidências de validade da Escala de Competências das Ações do Enfermeiro em Emergências / Evidencias de validez de la Escala de Competencias de las Acciones del Enfermero en emergencias

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the validity of the Competence Scale of Actions of Nurses in Emergencies based on internal structure, internal consistency, and external criteria. Methods: methodological study to verify new evidence of validity of the Scale, with contents previously validated. The Scale has 81 measurable actions at five levels of competence and can be applied both for self- and/or hetero-evaluation. Results: one hundred and forty seven nursing assistants and 41 managers from the five regions of Brazil participated in the study. They were linked to mobile prehospital emergency service, fixed prehospital emergency service, or hospital emergencies. Dimensionality was evidenced by exploratory factorial analysis of the 81 items, pointing out seven factors that explained 66.5% of the total data variance. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.79 to 0.98. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 0.988 indicated that the correlations between the items were significant. In the external criterion, Pearson's correlations between hetero-evaluation competence scores and the manager's subjective classification were significant (p < 0.001), as well as differences in the means of these competencies by criterion group. In addition, scores by characteristics were evaluated to detect statistically different means. Conclusion: through the adopted Statistical Procedures, with multi-methods and multi-informants, different psychometric properties were analyzed. A summary of evidence was generated showing that the Scale is valid and reliable.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar evidências de validade da Escala de Competências das Ações do Enfermeiro em Emergências com base na estrutura interna, na consistência interna e no critério externo. Métodos: estudo metodológico para verificação de novas evidências de validade da Escala, com conteúdos previamente validados. A Escala com 81 ações mensuráveis em cinco níveis de competências pode ser realizada tanto para o enfermeiro se autoavaliar como outros o avaliarem. Resultados: participaram 407 enfermeiros assistenciais e 41 gestores das cinco regiões do Brasil, atuantes em emergências pré-hospitalar móvel, fixa ou hospitalar. A dimensionalidade foi evidenciada mediante análise fatorial exploratória dos 81 itens, apontando sete fatores que explicaram 66,5% da variância total dos dados. O alfa de Cronbach variou de 0,79 a 0,98. O Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin 0,988 indicou que as correlações entre os itens foram significantes. No critério externo, correlações de Pearson entre escores de competências de heteroavaliação e classificação subjetiva do gestor foram significantes (p<0,001), bem como diferenças das médias dessas competências por grupo critério. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se escores por características, verificando-se médias estatisticamente distintas. Conclusão: por meio dos Procedimentos Estatísticos adotados, com multimétodos e multi-informantes, analisaram-se diferentes propriedades psicométricas, gerando um sumário de evidências, demostrando que a Escala é válida e confiável.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar evidencias de validez de la Escala de Competencias de las Acciones del Enfermero en Emergencias con base en la estructura interna, en la consistencia interna y en el criterio externo. Métodos: estudio metodológico para verificación de nuevas evidencias de validez de la Escala, con contenidos previamente validados. La Escala con 81 acciones mensurables en cinco niveles de competencias puede ser realizada tanto para que el enfermero se autoevalúe como otros lo evalúen. Resultados: participaron 407 enfermeros asistenciales y 41 gestores de las cinco regiones de Brasil, actuantes en emergencias pre-hospitalaria móvil, fija o hospitalaria. La dimensionalidad fue evidenciada mediante análisis factorial exploratoria de los 81 ítems, apuntando siete factores que explicaron 66,5% de la variancia total de los datos. El alfa de Cronbach varió de 0,79 a 0,98. El Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin 0,988 indicó que las correlaciones entre los ítems fueron significantes. En el criterio externo, correlaciones de Pearson entre puntajes de competencias de heteroevaluación y clasificación subjetiva del gestor fueron significantes (p<0,001), así como diferencias de las medias de esas competencias por grupo criterio. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron puntajes por características, verificándose medias estadísticamente distintas. Conclusión: por medio de los Procedimientos Estadísticos adoptados, con multimétodos y multiinformantes, se analizaron diferentes propiedades psicométricas, generando un sumario de evidencias, demostrando que la Escala es válida y confiable.

Adaptación al español y validación de criterio de una escala para la tamización de problemas emocionales y del comportamiento en la primera infancia / Adaptation to Spanish and criterion validity of a scale for the screening of emotional and behavioral problems in early childhood

Resumen Introducción. La detección temprana del riesgo de problemas emocionales y del comportamiento en niños puede contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias que promuevan la salud mental desde la primera infancia. En Colombia no existe una herramienta validada para dicha detección. Objetivos. Seleccionar, adaptar y establecer la validez de criterio de una escala de tamización de problemas emocionales y del comportamiento en niños menores de seis años. Materiales y métodos. A partir de una revisión de la literatura y un consenso de expertos, se seleccionó la herramienta Early Childhood Screening Assessment (ECSA). Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo su adaptación lingüística y se determinó la validez de criterio mediante una curva de características de recibidor-operador (Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC), y se la comparó con el cuestionario Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1,5-5). En el estudio participaron 206 cuidadores de niños entre el año y medio y los seis años de edad de la ciudad de Tunja y el municipio de Sopó. Resultados. La puntuación del ECSA presentó una buena correlación con la puntuación t total del CBCL 1,5-5 (ro de Spearman=0,75; p<0,01). La escala ECSA tuvo una sensibilidad de 86 % y una especificidad de 82 % al establecer un punto de corte de 24 para la población estudiada. Conclusión. En este primer estudio de adaptación y validación de la versión en español de la escala ECSA, se detectaron buenos valores de sensibilidad y especificidad para la tamización de problemas emocionales y del comportamiento en la primera infancia.

Abstract Introduction: Early identification of emotional and behavioral risk in children can contribute to the development of strategies that promote mental health from early childhood. In Colombia, we do not count with a validated screening tool for emotional and behavioral problems in this population. Objectives: To identify, adapt, and establish evidence for the criterion validity of a screening tool for emotional and behavioral problems in less than 6-year-old children. Materials and methods: We selected the Early Childhood Screening Assessment (ECSA) after a literature review and expert consensus and then we undertook its linguistic adaptation. For criterion validity, we used the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) comparing the scale with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1,5-5). The sample included 206 caregivers of children between 1.5 and 6 years of age from the city of Tunja and the municipality of Sopó. Results: The ECSA showed a good correlation with the total t-score of the CBCL 1,5-5 (Spearman rho= 0,75, p<0,01). The scale showed a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 82% at a cut-off point of 24. Conclusion: In this first adaptation to Spanish and validation study of the ECSA scale, we found good sensitivity and specificity values for the screening of emotional and behavioral problems in early childhood.

Dantrolene e células-tronco mesenquimais promovem melhora funcional em ratos Wistar com trauma espinhal agudo / Dantrolene and mesenchymal stem cells promote functional improvement in Wistar rats with spinal cord injury

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do dantrolene (DAN) e das células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) no trauma espinhal agudo (TEA). Sessenta ratos Wistar foram divididos nos grupos CTM, DAN + CTM, DAN, trauma e placebo (TP) e sem trauma e placebo (STP). Realizou-se laminectomia de T12 em todos os grupos, seguida de TEA contusivo ∕ compressivo, com exceção do grupo STP. Uma hora depois, os grupos DAN + CTM e DAN receberam 10mg/kg de DAN. Após sete dias os grupos CTM e DAN + CTM receberam 1x106 células, por via intravenosa. Testes comportamentais foram realizados para avaliar a recuperação funcional durante 28 dias. Os animais traumatizados apresentaram paraplegia. Houve melhora funcional significativa nos grupos tratados com CTM, DAN ou associação DAN + CTM em comparação ao grupo TP (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o DAN e as CTM para tratamento de TEA em ratos apresentam efeitos neuroprotetores e promovem melhora neurológica funcional.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dantrolene (DAN) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Sixty Wistar rats were divided into groups MSCs, MSCs + DAN, DAN, trauma and placebo (TP) and no trauma and placebo (STP). Laminectomy was performed at T12 level in all animals, followed by a weight-drop model of SCI, except for the STP group. An hour later, the MSCs + DAN and DAN groups received 10mg/kg of DAN. After seven days, the MSCs and MSCs + DAN groups received 1x106 cells intravenously. Behavioral tests were performed to assess functional recovery for 28 days. Traumatized animals showed paraplegia. There was a significant improvement in groups MSCs, DAN and MSCs + DAN compared to TP (p<0.05). It was concluded that DAN and MSCs for the treatment of SCI in rats have neuroprotection effect and promote functional neurological improvement.(AU)

Valoración del cuidado de Enfermería brindado durante el proceso de parto. Ensayo clínico controlado de una intervención basada en la Teoría de Swanson versus cuidado convencional / Valorização do cuidado de Enfermagem brindado durante o processo de parto. Ensaio clínico controlado de uma intervenção baseada na Teoria de Swanson versus cuidado convencional / Evaluation of the Nursing Care Offered during the Parturition Process. Controlled Clinical Trial of an Intervention based on Swanson's Theory of Caring versus Conventional Care

Objective. This work sought to compare the evaluation of the nursing care provided during the parturition process in the intervention group based on Swanson's theory of caring versus that of the control group that received conventional care. Methods. Preventive-type controlled clinical trial conducted in a tier II hospital in San Gil, Santander (Colombia). During the parturition process, the intervention group received care based on Swanson's theory of caring (n=20) and the control group received conventional care (n=23). During immediate postpartum, the mothers were applied the Professional care rating scale by Swanson, validated into Spanish in Colombia. Results. Assessment of professional care in the intervention group was Excellent with an average for the scale total of 59.8 points of a possible maximum of 60 points, while in the control group it was Good with 50.2 (p<0.0001). In the 15 items that make up the scale and in both subscales (Compassionate Healer and Competent Healer) higher scores were also observed in the intervention group compared to those of the control group. Conclusion. The intervention derived from Swanson's theory of caring was associated to a better evaluation of professional nursing care by women during the parturition process.(AU)

Objetivo. Comparar la valoración del cuidado de enfermería brindado durante el proceso de parto en el grupo de Intervención basada en la Teoría de Swanson versus la del grupo de Control que recibió cuidado convencional. Métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado de tipo preventivo realizado en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención en San Gil, Santander (Colombia). Durante el proceso de parto el grupo de Intervención recibió cuidado basado en la Teoría de Swanson (n=20) y al grupo de Control se le practicó el cuidado convencional (n=23). En el postparto inmediato se aplicó a las madres la Escala de Valoración del cuidado profesional de Swanson, validada al español en Colombia. Resultados. La valoración del cuidado profesional en el grupo de Intervención fue Excelente con un promedio para el total de la escala de 59.8 puntos de un máximo posible de 60, mientras que en el grupo de Control fue Bueno con 50.2 (p<0.0001). En los 15 ítems que conforman la escala y en las dos subescalas (Sanador Compasivo y Sanador Competente) también se observaron mayores puntajes en el grupo de Intervención comparados con los del grupo de Control. Conclusión. La intervención derivada de la teoría de Swanson se asoció a una mejor valoración del cuidado profesional de enfermería por parte de las mujeres durante el proceso de parto. (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar a valorização do cuidado de enfermagem brindado durante o processo de parto no grupo de Intervenção baseada na Teoria de Swanson versus a do grupo de Controle que recebeu cuidado convencional. Métodos. Ensaio clínico controlado de tipo preventivo realizado num hospital de segundo nível de atenção em San Gil, Santander (Colômbia). Durante o processo de parto o grupo de Intervenção recebeu cuidado baseado na Teoria de Swanson (n=20) e ao grupo de Controle se lhe praticou o cuidado convencional (n=23). No pós-parto imediato se aplicou às mães a Escala de Valorização do cuidado profissional de Swanson, validada ao espanhol na Colômbia. Resultados. A valorização do cuidado profissional no grupo de Intervenção foi Excelente com uma média para o total da escala de 59.8 pontos de um máximo possível de 60, enquanto que no grupo de Controle foi Bom com 50.2 (p<0.0001). Nos 15 itens que conformam a escala e nas duas sub-escalas (Curador Compassivo e Curador Competente) também se observaram maiores pontuações no grupo de Intervenção comparados com os do grupo de Controle. Conclusão. A intervenção derivada da teoria de Swanson se associou a uma melhor valorização do cuidado profissional de enfermagem por parte das mulheres durante o processo de parto.(AU)

Neuropsychological Profile Related with Executive Function of Chinese Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Neuropsychological Measures and Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background:</b>Previous studies have found that schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed difficulties in neuropsychological function. This study aimed to assess neuropsychological function in Chinese preschoolers with ADHD using broad neuropsychological measures and rating scales and to test whether the pattern and severity of neuropsychological weakness differed among ADHD presentations in preschool children.</p><p><b>Methods:</b>The 226 preschoolers (163 with ADHD and 63 controls) with the age of 4-5 years were included and assessed using the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and a series of tests to investigate neuropsychological function.</p><p><b>Results</b>Preschoolers with ADHD showed higher scores in all domains of the BRIEF-P (inhibition: 30.64 ± 5.78 vs.20.69 ± 3.86, P < 0.001; shift: 13.40 ± 3.03 vs.12.41 ± 2.79, P = 0.039; emotional control:15.10 ± 3.53 vs.12.20 ± 2.46, P < 0.001; working memory: 28.41 ± 4.99 vs.20.95 ± 4.60, P < 0.001; plan/organize: 17.04 ± 3.30 vs.13.29 ± 2.40, P < 0.001) and lower scores of Statue (23.18 ± 7.84 vs.28.27 ± 3.18, P = 0.001), Word Generation (15.22 ± 6.52 vs.19.53 ± 7.69, P = 0.025), Comprehension of Instructions (14.00 ± 4.44 vs.17.02 ± 3.39, P = 0.016), Visuomotor Precision (P < 0.050), Toy delay (P = 0.048), and Matrices tasks (P = 0.011), compared with normal control. In terms of the differences among ADHD subtypes, all ADHD presentations had higher scores in several domains of the BRIEF-P (P < 0.001), and the ADHD-combined symptoms (ADHD-C) group had the poorest ratings on inhibition and the ability to Plan/Organize. For neuropsychological measures, the results suggested that the ADHD-C group had poorer performances than the ADHD-predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) group on Statue tasks (F = 7.34, η = 0.12, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive symptoms group had significantly poorer performances compared to the ADHD-C group in the Block Construction task (F = 4.89, η = 0.067, P = 0.003). However, no significant group differences were found between the ADHD-I group and normal control.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b>Based on the combined evaluation of performance-based neuropsychological tests and the BRIEF-P, preschoolers with ADHD show difficulties of neuropsychological function in many aspects.</p>

Comparison of Patient-Physician Interaction Scores of Clinical Practice Examination between Checklists and Rating Scale / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: The clinical practice examination (CPX) was introduced in 2010, and the Seoul-Gyeonggi CPX Consortium developed the patient-physician interaction (PPI) assessment tool in 2004. Both institutions use rating scales on classified sections of PPI but differ in their scoring of key components. This study investigated the accuracy of standardized patient scores across rating scales by comparing checklist methods and verified the concurrent validity of two comparable PPI rating tools. METHODS: An educational CPX module dyspepsia case was administered to 116 fourth-year medical students at Hanyang University College of Medicine. One experienced standardized patient rated exams using two different PPI scales. She scored checklists composed of 43 items related to the two original PPI scales through video clips of the same students. From these checklists, we calculated Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The correlations of total PPI score between the checklist and rating scale methods were 0.29 for the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE) tool and 0.30 for the consortium tool. The correlations between the KMLE and consortium tools were 0.74 for checklists and 0.83 for rating scales. In terms of section scores, the consortium tool showed only three significant correlations between the two methods out of seven sections and the KMLE tool showed only two statistically significant correlations out of five sections. CONCLUSION: The rating scale and checklist methods exhibited a weak relationship in the PPI assessment, but a high correlation between assessment tools using the same method. However, the current rating scale requires modification by reorganizing key scoring components through factor analysis.

Effect of Electroacupuncture on the Behavior of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice of Different Age / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To study the effect of electroacupuncture on the behavior of APP/PS1 transgenic mice of different age, and to explore the optimal intervention time of electroacupuncture in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice of 4 months, 6 months and 9 months old, 20 in each age group, were randomized into a model group and an electroacupuncture group, and ten C57BL/6 wild-type mice were taken as a control group; after 6-week electroacupuncture treatment, the Morris water maze was adopted for spatial memory and behavioral test, and the changes of behavior in each group were observed.Result Of the 5-month-old mice, there were no significant between-group differences (P>0.05), while the time factor (day) produced a statistical significance (P<0.01); of the 7-month-old mice, there were significant differences considering the different groups, time factor and interaction (P<0.01); of the 10-month-old mice, there were significant differences considering the different groups, time factor and interaction (P<0.05). The spatial probe test showed that there were significant between-group differences in comparing the platform crossings and swimming distance in platform quadrant in each age group (P<0.05).Conclusion Electroacupuncture can improve the learning and memory of APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice, the age of 6-7 months old is possibly the optimal intervention time of electroacupuncture for AD, but there still requires further mechanism studies.

Cross-Cultural Aspect of Behavior Assessment System for Children-2, Parent Rating Scale-Child: Standardization in Korean Children

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to examine psychometric properties and cross-cultural utility of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2, Parent Rating Scale-Child (BASC-2 PRS-C) in Korean children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two study populations were recruited: a general population sample (n=2115) of 1st to 6th graders from 16 elementary schools and a clinical population (n=219) of 6–12 years old from 5 child psychiatric clinics and an epidemiological sample of autism spectrum disorder. We assessed the validity and reliability of the Korean version of BASC-2 PRS-C (K-BASC-2 PRS-C) and compared subscales with those used for US populations. RESULTS: Our results indicate that the K-BASC-2 PRS-C is a valuable instrument with reliability and validity for measuring developmental psychopathology that is comparable to those in Western population. However, there were some differences noted in the mean scores of BASC-2 PRS-C between Korean and US populations. CONCLUSION: K-BASC-2 PRS-C is an effective and useful instrument with psychometric properties that permits measurement of general developmental psychopathology. Observed Korean-US differences in patterns of parental reports of children's behaviors indicate the importance of the validation, standardization and cultural adaptation for tools assessing psychopathology especially when used in populations different from those for which the instrument was originally created.